Are you tired of the same old ways to put your hard-earned money that don't seem to pay off?
Exchange-traded funds (ETFs) are the best option. These new ways to trade have taken the financial world by storm because they offer a unique combination of flexibility, diversity, and low fees. ETFs are a must-have in your portfolio, no matter how long you've been investing or how new you are. In this article, I'll go over everything you need to know about ETFs, from how to invest and trade to how taxes and fees work. ETFs are a great way to take your savings to the next level.
Key Takeaways
- ETFs offer low expense ratios and instant diversification by investing in many assets at once.
- Investing in ETFs can provide an efficient way to diversify your portfolio, but it's important to understand the underlying strategy and risks associated with them.
- Consider important factors such as assets, expense ratio, tracking error, and liquidity when choosing and trading ETFs.
- ETFs tend to be more tax-efficient than mutual funds due to in-kind transactions, but investors should still be aware of potential taxes on dividends, interest payments, profits, and capital gains distributions, as well as fees such as commissions, operating expenses, bid/ask spreads, and short-term trading fees.
- ETFs can be used to diversify or complement a portfolio of other types of investment vehicles, such as stocks, bonds, and mutual funds.
Exchange-Traded Funds (ETFs)
What are ETFs?
ETFs are a type of investment fund that blends the flexibility of stocks with the strengths of mutual funds in terms of diversifying a portfolio. ETFs are groups of investments, like stocks or bonds, that track a certain index, industry, commodity, or other asset.
ETFs can be bought or sold on the stock market just like regular stocks.
ETFs have low cost ratios and less broker fees than buying individual stocks.
ETFs give you quick diversification because they let you buy a lot of different assets at once.
ETFs versus Mutual Funds
Both ETFs and mutual funds are shared investments that allow low-cost diversification. However, there are some big differences between the two. How they are sold is one of the main ways they are different. With a mutual fund, you buy and sell based on cash, not the market price or the number of shares. You can choose any dollar amount you want, down to the penny or as a nice round number like $3,000. When you buy or sell an ETF, you do so based on the price on the market, and you can only trade full shares.
How they are run is another different. ETFs can be managed either actively or passively by fund managers, but most ETFs are passive investments that track the success of an index. Most mutual funds, on the other hand, are actively managed, which means they are run by a professional manager who buys and sells stocks to try to beat the market.
This usually means that buyers have to pay more.
Most of the time, ETFs cost less than mutual funds. Most of the time, ETF costs are lower than mutual fund fees, and they are usually better for your taxes than index mutual funds. ETFs are bought and sold on a stock market, and their prices change all day long.
This means that the price you pay for an ETF is probably not the same as the price other buyers pay.
Orders for mutual funds are only filled once a day, at the end of the business day.
Tax Implications of ETFs
If you sell an ETF and make a profit, it is charged like the stocks or bonds it is based on. ETFs that have been kept for more than a year are taxed at the rates for long-term capital gains. But the general tax rules do not apply to ETFs that deal in currencies, metals, and futures.
Instead, they follow the tax rules of the asset they are based on, which usually means they pay taxes on a short-term gain.
Another way to save money on taxes is to use tax credits. People may not know that medical costs, self-employment taxes, and charity donations are some of the things that can be deducted from their taxes.
Salaried workers don't get to deduct half of their self-employment taxes, but self-employed people do.
People can also get a tax break for donating goods to charity, and they can claim a credit for the fair market value of the goods.
There can also be tax consequences to working from home. When you work from home, it can be hard to figure out your taxes if you are in a different tax state. Each city and state has its own rules, so it's important to know the most common tax consequences of working from home to avoid audits, back taxes, and fines.
It's also important to keep track of things like home office costs that can be deducted.
Investing in ETFs
Exchange-traded funds, or ETFs, are a popular way to invest for people who want to spread out their portfolio and save money on running costs. ETFs offer investors a number of benefits, such as lower running costs than traditional open-end funds, flexible trading, more transparency, and lower tax costs in taxable accounts.
Diversification Made Easy
One of the best things about ETFs is that they make it easy for buyers to diversify their portfolios without having to pick different stocks or bonds. ETFs hold a group of stocks or other products. This makes them more diverse.
They offer a wide range of choices because they cover most of the major asset groups and industries.
ETFs already have a wide range of investments, so buyers don't have to worry about diversifying their portfolios.
Investing Across Horizontals
ETFs also give investors the chance to spread their investments across different businesses, which would be hard to do with single stocks. Investors can give their portfolios more balance by putting money into a wide range of businesses, company sizes, locations, and other things.
Low-Cost and Tax-Efficient
ETFs tend to have much lower price ratios than actively managed funds. They can also be less taxing and give investors the option to reinvest dividends right away. ETFs are very flexible and make it easy for buyers to move money between different types of assets, such as stocks, bonds, and commodities.
They can be bought and sold like stocks, which means buyers can do so any time the market is open.
Understanding the Risks
But before you buy in an ETF, you should make sure you understand how it works so that it fits with your goals. Based on what they hold, some ETFs may be more complicated, which can make them riskier.
When buying in ETFs, it's also important to think about trading costs and bid-ask spreads.
Market Risk
The biggest risk with ETFs is market risk, which means that if the base investment goes down, so will the ETF. ETFs are just a way to trade, so it doesn't matter how cheap, tax-friendly, or clear they are if the market goes down.
Trading Risk
One of the best things about buying in an ETF is that you can buy it the same way you would buy a stock. But this comes with a lot of risks that can hurt the return on your investment. When you trade often, you add costs to your stock.
This takes away one of the benefits of ETFs, which is that they have low fees.
With so many niche ETFs to buy and sell, it can be easy to forget to take the time to make sure you are not making your portfolio too risky.
Liquidation and Tax Consequences
ETFs also come with the risk of being liquidated. When an ETF is liquidated, termination fees are often charged. If investors stay in the fund during the liquidation process to save on commission costs, the investors may miss out on other opportunities.
ETFs also come with the chance of having tax consequences.
Traditional ETFs may be more tax-efficient because they give out less capital gains.
Non-traditional ETFs, on the other hand, may be less tax-efficient because they restart every day, which encourages more trading.
Choosing and Trading ETFs
Identify Your Investment Objectives
Step one in picking the right ETF for your business goals is to know what those goals are. Do you want to make your stock more diverse, invest in companies with certain traits, find an alternative to mutual funds that costs less, or get into a certain market segment? Once you know what you want to achieve with your investments, you can set up a way to find the ETFs that will help you get there.
Consider Important Factors
When choosing an ETF, you should think about a few important things. Some of these are the amount of assets it has, the cost ratio, the tracking error, and the amount of money it has.
A good ETF should have at least a certain amount of assets. A typical minimum is $10 million. You should also think about the expense ratio. The expense ratio is the annual fee that the ETF charges to cover its running costs.
A lower cost ratio means that more of the money you make on your investments goes toward your goals.
Tracking error is another thing to think about. This is the difference between how well the ETF does and how well its base index does. When an ETF has a high tracking error, it doesn't follow its base index as closely as it should.
This can lead to lower returns.
You should also think about how liquid the ETF is.
This means how easy it is to buy or sell shares of the ETF.
You can buy or sell shares of an ETF more easily if it is more liquid.
This can be important if you need to make quick changes to your investment strategy.
Choose Your Brokerage Account
You need to open a trading account to buy and sell ETFs. Most online brokers now let you buy stocks and ETFs without paying a commission, so cost isn't a big factor. The best thing to do is to look at what each provider has to offer and how they work.
You can start investing in ETFs once you have started a brokerage account.
Choose Your ETFs
You need to choose your first ETFs before you can start investing in them. ETFs can be bought on most online investment sites, sites that offer retirement accounts, and apps like Robinhood. Most of these platforms let you buy and sell ETFs without having to pay fees to the platform makers.
When picking your ETF, you need to look at the whole picture in terms of sector or industry.
Buy and Sell ETFs
Once you've chosen your ETF, you can decide how many shares you want to buy or how much money you want to spend and place your order with just a few clicks. You can choose a market order, which lets you buy the ETF at the current market price, or you can place a limit order, which lets you set a specific price at which you want to buy the ETF.
The ETF shares will be added to your brokerage account after you have made your order.
To sell ETFs, you need to log in to your trading account and find the trade order form. Choose Sell and type in the ticker name of the ETF you want to sell. Enter the number of shares you want to sell and click "Preview Order" to see a description of your order.
If you're happy with the trade you've made, you can sell your ETF shares by clicking Place Order.
Tax Implications and Fees of ETFs
ETFs have to pay taxes on dividends, interest payments, and gains from selling them at a profit, just like stocks and bonds. ETFs, on the other hand, tend to be less taxed than mutual funds because they don't share as many capital gains.
This is because ETFs buy and sell shares with in-kind deals that are not considered sales and do not cause taxable events.
A taxable event happens when an owner sells an ETF. ETFs held for more than a year are taxed at long-term capital gains rates, which go up to 20%. ETFs held for less than a year are taxed at ordinary income rates, with the top end capital gains tax rates.
It's important to know that ETFs that trade in currencies, metals, and futures don't follow the general tax rules. Instead, they have their own tax rules. Taxes on ETFs are kept to a minimum for the person who owns the ETF because some ETFs are set up so that the profits are redeemed in kind.
This means that historically, taxes on ETF investments have been lower than those on mutual fund investments.
But the tax efficiency of ETFs doesn't matter if a mutual fund or ETF investment is held in a tax-advantaged account like an IRA or 401(k).
Fees Associated with ETFs
Yes, there are costs involved when you buy ETFs. ETFs are traded like stocks, so when buyers buy and sell them, they usually pay a commission. Investors may also have to pay bid/ask gaps and changes in discounts and premiums to the net asset value of an ETF.
ETFs have running costs, which are often measured by the operating expense ratio (OER) of the fund. The expense ratio is a yearly rate that the fund charges on all of its assets to pay for managing the portfolio, running the fund, and other costs.
Investors like ETFs because, compared to actively managed mutual funds and passively managed index mutual funds, they often have lower running costs. Vanguard gives information about ETF fees, minimum investments, and other costs that come with buying and selling ETFs from Vanguard.
Investors in ETFs may also have to pay taxes on any payments of capital gains.
Some ETFs may have short-term trading fees if they are only kept for a certain amount of time, like 30 days.
Before making an investment choice, investors should think carefully about the fees that come with ETFs. Fees are one of the most important factors that affect returns, and they can have a big effect on an investor's total return.
Final Thoughts
Investors need to know how ETFs affect taxes and how much they cost so they can plan ahead and save money at tax time. When buyers compare mutual funds and ETFs, they should think about taxes and fees.
Before buying, it's important to learn about the ETFs you're interested in and how they work.
By doing this, you can make smart choices about your investments and maybe save money in the long run.
Mutual Funds: A Comparison to Exchange-Traded Funds
When it comes to saving money, mutual funds are often mentioned in the same breath as exchange-traded funds (ETFs). Both are investment vehicles that allow investors to pool their money together and invest in a diversified portfolio of stocks, bonds, and other assets.
However, there are some key differences between the two that investors should be aware of.
One of the main differences is how they are traded.
Mutual funds are bought and sold at the end of the trading day at the net asset value (NAV) price, while ETFs are traded throughout the day on an exchange like a stock.
This means that ETFs can be bought and sold at any time during market hours, while mutual funds can only be traded once a day.
Another difference is the fees.
Mutual funds typically have higher expense ratios than ETFs, which can eat into your returns over time.
However, mutual funds may offer more options for investors looking for specific investment strategies or asset classes.
Ultimately, the choice between mutual funds and ETFs will depend on your individual investment goals and preferences.
It's important to do your research and consult with a financial advisor before making any investment decisions.
For more information:
Mutual Funds 101: Benefits, Risks & More
ETFs in a Diversified Investment Portfolio
ETFs are similar to mutual funds, but they are traded on a market like stocks. ETFs can be used to diversify a collection of other types of investments, like stocks, bonds, and mutual funds, or to add to what is already there.
ETFs are thought to be low-risk investments because they are inexpensive and hold a mix of stocks or other securities, which makes them more diverse.
Benefits of ETFs
ETFs tend to have much lower price ratios than actively managed funds. They can also be better for your taxes and give you the option to reinvest dividends right away. Since many ETFs are passive funds that follow a certain standard index, they offer great diversification at a low ongoing expense ratio (OER).
ETFs can be used to try to achieve certain financial goals.
Investing in ETFs
If an employee's company offers a retirement plan that lets them invest in ETFs, they can do so through the plan. But planadviser.com says that most employer-sponsored plans don't include ETFs because the market is dominated by players who are paid to give certain funds.
The piece also says that using ETFs in a tax-deferred retirement account, which is the case for most employer-sponsored plans, takes away many of their benefits.
If an employee wants to invest in ETFs for their retirement, they could open an IRA (individual retirement account). A person can hold many kinds of investments in an IRA, such as any mutual fund, ETF, stock, or bond.
Small business owners and people who work for themselves can use SEP IRAs, which offer a wide range of investment choices, including ETFs.
Building an ETF Portfolio
ETFs are a type of investment vehicle that can be used by investors on their own or with other types of investment vehicles. Investors can choose which ETFs to buy based on what they want to do with their money.
ETFs can give you access to a group of stocks, a section of the market, or a style.
An ETF can watch a wider range of stocks or even try to copy the returns of a country or group of countries.
Investors can choose which ETFs to buy based on what they want to do with their money. A portfolio made up of only ETFs can make sense for buyers who want to keep things simple and reach their financial goals.
About 10 ETFs could be a good middle ground for an all-ETF strategy.
Note: Please keep in mind that the estimate in this article is based on information available when it was written. It's just for informational purposes and shouldn't be taken as a promise of how much things will cost.
Prices and fees can change because of things like market changes, changes in regional costs, inflation, and other unforeseen circumstances.
Concluding thoughts and considerations
In the end, exchange-traded funds (ETFs) are a great way to save money through investments. They give you a way to invest in the stock market that is cheap and spread out. But you need to do your homework and pick the right ETFs for your financial goals.
When investing in ETFs, it's important to think about your risk tolerance and how long you want to spend for.
Some ETFs may be more volatile than others, so it's important to choose ones that fit with your investment plan.
It is important to think about fees and taxes when picking and trading ETFs.
Some ETFs may have higher fees than others, so it's important to do your homework and choose the ones with the lowest fees.
Also, ETFs may have different tax consequences than other types of investments, so it's important to talk to a financial advisor or tax expert.
ETFs can also be a great addition to a diverse portfolio of investments.
By putting your money into a range of ETFs, you can spread your risk and maybe make more money.
In the end, the key to investing in ETFs successfully is to do your study and pick the right ones for your goals.
ETFs can be a great way to save money and grow your wealth over time if you use the right approach.
So, feel free to look into ETFs and see how they might fit into your business portfolio.
Good luck buying!
Your Freedom Plan
Tired of the daily grind? Do you have dreams of financial independence and freedom? Do you want to retire early to enjoy the things you love?
Are you ready to make your "Freedom Plan" and escape the rat race?
How Much of Your Paycheck Should You Save? (With Data)
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Links and references
- "The Ascent of Money: A Financial History of the World" by Niall Ferguson, "The Fortunes and Foibles of Exchange-Traded Funds" by William A. Birdthistle, SEC Guide for Investors on Mutual Funds and ETFs, "The Basics of Savings and Investing" by the Tennessee Department of Commerce and Insurance.
- ufl.edu
- investopedia.com
- vanguard.com
- fidelity.com
- schwab.com
- planadviser.com
My article on the topic:
Exploring Investment Options: Tips & Risks
Personal reminder: (Article status: rough)